Domestic Hot Water for Zero Energy Homes

Zero energy homes (ZEH's) in the near future will be simple, all electric, and supplemented with PV.

Hybrid PV/thermal solar collectors may be the best solution as costs come down. Sun Drum Solar is now offering a product. Dawn Solar also offers a building integrated hybrid PV roofing system. PVTSolar uses an air-based approach. When I worked at Solaron in the 80's, we abandoned air-based systems, and we were the world leader in air-based until that point. These are the only entries so far in the hybrid market sector. I expect to see more manufacturers enter the fray soon.

Whether or not a solar thermal DHW system is used, a grid-sourced backup water heater is required.
An affordable heat pump hot water heater (HPWH) is now on the market:
https://airgenerate.3dcartstores.com/index.html

This type of system uses only 25%-35% as much electricity as a standard resistance water heater, making it the best choice for a ZEH without solar thermal.
Another bonus of these heat pumps is that they can supply "free" summer cooling for the house.

In the near future as costs stabilize, we'll learn if this $700 is worth it for a home with solar thermal or hybrid collectors. In Denver, a home with 100-150 ft2 of solar thermal or hybrid collectors probably won't need it. The $700 marginal cost would take too long to recoup because the solar is providing 90%+ of the domestic hot water load.

More on Advanced Wall Systems

Joe Lstiburek was at the EnergyStar Summit this week, and was ranting about the wall system we should be using in this climate. Bottom line - for less money than than the historical R-13 2x4 wall system, you can build a styrofoam sheathed R30 2x6 wall. Truly a no brainer.

However, there are two significant barriers to implementation:

1. Your framers, who have such a difficult time coping with wall systems that use LESS wood.

2. Your structural engineer, who wants OSB sheathing used everywhere.

One slight potential problem within the assembly, vapor condensation on the inside surface of the styrofoam, has been bothering me for a few years. Joe explained that this has been addressed in IRC 2009 with a climate zone prescriptive solution. It specifies the minimum R value for the external insulation to avoid condensation. This value is also a function of the stud cavity R value, but Building Science Corp. typically recommends 1.5 inches of taped external foam.